CPA-21-02

The C++ Institute's CPA-21-02 exam, focusing on Certified Professional Programmer (CPP) certification at the Associate level, covers fundamental C++ programming concepts. While the exact weighting isn't publicly available, the main points generally revolve around these key areas:

• Basic Syntax and Semantics: This is foundational and covers topics like:

  • Data types (integers, floating-point, characters, booleans)
  • Variables and constants
  • Operators (arithmetic, logical, bitwise)
  • Control flow (if-else statements, loops – for, while, do-while)
  • Functions (declaration, definition, parameters, return values)
  • Arrays and strings (basic manipulation)

• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Fundamentals: A crucial aspect of C++, encompassing:

  • Classes and objects (creating, using, accessing members)
  • Encapsulation (data hiding)
  • Inheritance (single, multiple, virtual)
  • Polymorphism (virtual functions, runtime polymorphism)
  • Access specifiers (public, private, protected)

• Memory Management: Understanding how memory is handled in C++ is vital:

  • Dynamic memory allocation (using new and delete )
  • Smart pointers (unique_ptr, shared_ptr, weak_ptr – crucial for preventing memory leaks)
  • Stack vs. heap memory

• Standard Template Library (STL): Familiarization with common STL components is expected:

  • Containers (vectors, lists, maps, sets)
  • Iterators
  • Algorithms (e.g., sort , find )

• Input/Output (I/O): Handling input and output operations:

  • Using standard input/output streams ( cin , cout , cerr )
  • File I/O (reading from and writing to files)

• Namespaces: Understanding and using namespaces to avoid naming conflicts.

• Error Handling: Basic techniques for handling errors, possibly involving exceptions.

Important Note: The specific topics and their emphasis might vary slightly between exam versions. Always refer to the official C++ Institute documentation and syllabus for the most up-to-date and accurate information regarding the CPA-21-02 exam content. This outline provides a general overview; consult the official materials for detailed preparation.