GASF

The GIAC Global Industrial Automation and Control Systems Security Fundamentals (GASF) exam focuses on the security of industrial control systems (ICS). The main points covered are:

• ICS Architectures and Technologies: Understanding the various types of ICS, their components (PLCs, SCADAs, RTUs, HMIs), communication protocols (Modbus, DNP3, Profibus, Profinet, etc.), and network architectures is fundamental. This includes knowing the differences between IT and OT networks and how they interact.

• ICS Vulnerabilities: The exam tests knowledge of common vulnerabilities specific to ICS, such as those related to legacy systems, default credentials, lack of patching, insecure configurations, and the use of unmanaged devices. Understanding the potential impact of exploits on physical processes is crucial.

• ICS Threats: This includes identifying and understanding the various threat actors (hacktivists, nation-states, criminals, insiders) and their motives when targeting ICS. Knowing the common attack methods like denial-of-service, malware infections (Stuxnet, Triton, etc.), injection attacks, and man-in-the-middle attacks is essential.

• Security Controls and Mitigation Strategies: The exam covers various security controls for ICS environments. This encompasses:

  • Network Security: Firewalls, intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS), segmentation, VLANs, VPNs, and access control lists (ACLs).
  • Device Security: Patch management, secure configurations, firmware updates, and secure boot processes.
  • User and Access Management: Role-based access control (RBAC), strong authentication mechanisms, and least privilege access.
  • Data Security: Data integrity, confidentiality, and availability measures.
  • Incident Response: Planning for, detecting, and responding to security incidents within an ICS environment.

• Security Standards and Frameworks: Familiarity with relevant standards and frameworks such as NIST, ISA/IEC 62443, and NERC CIP is important. This includes understanding the principles and practical implications of these standards.

• Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Awareness of relevant legal and regulatory requirements related to ICS security, depending on the industry and geographic location, is also tested.

In short, the GASF exam aims to assess a candidate's understanding of the unique challenges and security requirements of ICS environments, emphasizing practical knowledge and the ability to apply security principles to real-world scenarios. It's not just about theoretical knowledge but also about understanding the practical implications of vulnerabilities and how to mitigate them.